Owner's Manual
Page 1
...8226; MADE IN USA • PATENTS PENDING • COPYRIGHT ©1999 SERIAL NUMBER MANUFACTURING DATE THE FOLLOWING ARE TRADEMARKS/REGISTERED TRADEMARKS OF MACKIE DESIGN INC.: "MACKIE", "FR SERIES", & THE "RUNNING MAN" FIGURE LIMITER OFF ON CONSTANT DIRECTIVITY HORN EQ /AIR EQ OFF ON 4.5k Hz LOW ... OF FIRE OR ELECTRIC SHOCK, DO NOT EXPOSE THIS EQUIPMENT TO RAIN OR MOISTURE. M•800 OWNER'S MANUAL AND WARRANTY REGISTRATION ™ HIGH-CURRENT POWER AMPLIFIER FULL SYMMETRY DUAL DIFFERENTIAL HIGH CURRENT DESIGN 00 00 CH GAIN/dB 1 3v 16 18 20 SIG OL -3 OL -3 14 2v 22 -6 -6...
...8226; MADE IN USA • PATENTS PENDING • COPYRIGHT ©1999 SERIAL NUMBER MANUFACTURING DATE THE FOLLOWING ARE TRADEMARKS/REGISTERED TRADEMARKS OF MACKIE DESIGN INC.: "MACKIE", "FR SERIES", & THE "RUNNING MAN" FIGURE LIMITER OFF ON CONSTANT DIRECTIVITY HORN EQ /AIR EQ OFF ON 4.5k Hz LOW ... OF FIRE OR ELECTRIC SHOCK, DO NOT EXPOSE THIS EQUIPMENT TO RAIN OR MOISTURE. M•800 OWNER'S MANUAL AND WARRANTY REGISTRATION ™ HIGH-CURRENT POWER AMPLIFIER FULL SYMMETRY DUAL DIFFERENTIAL HIGH CURRENT DESIGN 00 00 CH GAIN/dB 1 3v 16 18 20 SIG OL -3 OL -3 14 2v 22 -6 -6...
Owner's Manual
Page 3
...design eliminates this Typical amplification Example system) use Duo in excess of ordinary amplifiers. Printed in painfully audible distortion. Ear plugs or pro- The Mackie Designs M•800 power amplifier is only part of , and we'll discuss those of these permissible ... vote of the design. ciently Duration Per Day Sound Level dBA, intense In Hours Slow Response noise for choosing a Mackie Designs power amplifier! To ensure against potentially dangerous exposure to provide stability and lower distortion. We know what we use lots of features ...
...design eliminates this Typical amplification Example system) use Duo in excess of ordinary amplifiers. Printed in painfully audible distortion. Ear plugs or pro- The Mackie Designs M•800 power amplifier is only part of , and we'll discuss those of these permissible ... vote of the design. ciently Duration Per Day Sound Level dBA, intense In Hours Slow Response noise for choosing a Mackie Designs power amplifier! To ensure against potentially dangerous exposure to provide stability and lower distortion. We know what we use lots of features ...
Owner's Manual
Page 4
...In STEREO mode, connect line-level cables from the front and out through the side panels. Be sure the POWER switch is the minimum per side for STEREO. An M•800 power amplifier in any standard rack system (see page 18), or place it horizontally on a floor or table. FULL ... 1& 2 NORM HOT GAIN/dB CH 3v 16 18 20 2 2v 14 22 12 24 6 26 28 1v SENSITIVITY 1.23v (+4dBu) PROFESSIONAL POWER AMPLIFIER ON OFF POWER 4 Set both LOW CUT FILTER controls to provide protection against clipping. 6. Turn the LIMITER switch ON to their TYPICAL marks (35Hz). 4. Determine which...
...In STEREO mode, connect line-level cables from the front and out through the side panels. Be sure the POWER switch is the minimum per side for STEREO. An M•800 power amplifier in any standard rack system (see page 18), or place it horizontally on a floor or table. FULL ... 1& 2 NORM HOT GAIN/dB CH 3v 16 18 20 2 2v 14 22 12 24 6 26 28 1v SENSITIVITY 1.23v (+4dBu) PROFESSIONAL POWER AMPLIFIER ON OFF POWER 4 Set both LOW CUT FILTER controls to provide protection against clipping. 6. Turn the LIMITER switch ON to their TYPICAL marks (35Hz). 4. Determine which...
Owner's Manual
Page 5
... 13. In BRIDGE mode, using the amplifier. • Turn the amplifier off the amplifiers first. • When powering up your system, turn down the amplifier or mixer/preamp gain if they do. For quieter listening, it is powered up : You should not light continuously ...in normal use. 16. CH 1 + - (MONO BRIDGE) 800 WATTS 4 OHM LOAD MIN. 400 WATTS CH 2 OHMS LOAD MIN. NO USER SERVICEABLE PARTS INSIDE. NE PAS OUVRIR CONCEIVED, DESIGNED, AND MANUFACTURED BY MACKIE...
... 13. In BRIDGE mode, using the amplifier. • Turn the amplifier off the amplifiers first. • When powering up your system, turn down the amplifier or mixer/preamp gain if they do. For quieter listening, it is powered up : You should not light continuously ...in normal use. 16. CH 1 + - (MONO BRIDGE) 800 WATTS 4 OHM LOAD MIN. 400 WATTS CH 2 OHMS LOAD MIN. NO USER SERVICEABLE PARTS INSIDE. NE PAS OUVRIR CONCEIVED, DESIGNED, AND MANUFACTURED BY MACKIE...
Owner's Manual
Page 6
... system, with each playing a different frequency range. FEATURE DESCRIPTIONS: Each and every knob, switch, and connector on the M•800 power amplifier is for more information about this to understand the terms of the factory warranty. 6 Important and interesting points are noted using the M•...and some troubleshooting ideas and service details. SERVICE INFORMATION Appendix A provides some practical tips. LIMITED WARRANTY Read this and other Mackie products. This icon leads you tech-heads who like to -understand diagrams of popular studio and live-sound setups. BI-...
... system, with each playing a different frequency range. FEATURE DESCRIPTIONS: Each and every knob, switch, and connector on the M•800 power amplifier is for more information about this to understand the terms of the factory warranty. 6 Important and interesting points are noted using the M•...and some troubleshooting ideas and service details. SERVICE INFORMATION Appendix A provides some practical tips. LIMITED WARRANTY Read this and other Mackie products. This icon leads you tech-heads who like to -understand diagrams of popular studio and live-sound setups. BI-...
Owner's Manual
Page 10
...HOT GAIN/dB CH 3v 16 18 20 2 2v 14 22 12 24 6 26 28 1v SENSITIVITY 1.23v (+4dBu) 10 PROFESSIONAL POWER AMPLIFIER ON OFF POWER Note: The calibration marks only apply to stereo or mono operation using the two sides for each M•800 GAIN control until the desired...equalization. Like all the way clockwise provides the best mixer headroom under normal operation. That's in case your speakers. In this indicates the amplifier's voltage gain, 6 26 think of 1.23 volts rms to optimum, then rotate each channel. This will require an input level of ...
...HOT GAIN/dB CH 3v 16 18 20 2 2v 14 22 12 24 6 26 28 1v SENSITIVITY 1.23v (+4dBu) 10 PROFESSIONAL POWER AMPLIFIER ON OFF POWER Note: The calibration marks only apply to stereo or mono operation using the two sides for each M•800 GAIN control until the desired...equalization. Like all the way clockwise provides the best mixer headroom under normal operation. That's in case your speakers. In this indicates the amplifier's voltage gain, 6 26 think of 1.23 volts rms to optimum, then rotate each channel. This will require an input level of ...
Owner's Manual
Page 11
...85°C), the HOT LED lights and both outputs of the POWER switch. The heaviest load the M•800 can trigger the protection circuits. POWER To make the amp operate, push the top half of the overheated amplifier will light CH STATUS at each of the conditions below 2 ohms... can tolerate is causing the amplifier to overheat. • Improper ventilation • High ambient ...
...85°C), the HOT LED lights and both outputs of the POWER switch. The heaviest load the M•800 can trigger the protection circuits. POWER To make the amp operate, push the top half of the overheated amplifier will light CH STATUS at each of the conditions below 2 ohms... can tolerate is causing the amplifier to overheat. • Improper ventilation • High ambient ...
Owner's Manual
Page 12
...terminate your speaker cables with 1/4" TS plugs, make sure nobody confuses these connections correct - You probably know the importance of power amplifiers. Guitar cords are not designed to connect the positive outputs of continuously delivering 12 amps (US model). REFER SERVICING TO ...MADE IN USA • PATENTS PENDING • COPYRIGHT ©1999 SERIAL NUMBER MANUFACTURING DATE THE FOLLOWING ARE TRADEMARKS/REGISTERED TRADEMARKS OF MACKIE DESIGN INC.: "MACKIE", "FR SERIES", & THE "RUNNING MAN" FIGURE LIMITER OFF ON CONSTANT DIRECTIVITY HORN EQ /AIR EQ OFF ON 4.5k ...
...terminate your speaker cables with 1/4" TS plugs, make sure nobody confuses these connections correct - You probably know the importance of power amplifiers. Guitar cords are not designed to connect the positive outputs of continuously delivering 12 amps (US model). REFER SERVICING TO ...MADE IN USA • PATENTS PENDING • COPYRIGHT ©1999 SERIAL NUMBER MANUFACTURING DATE THE FOLLOWING ARE TRADEMARKS/REGISTERED TRADEMARKS OF MACKIE DESIGN INC.: "MACKIE", "FR SERIES", & THE "RUNNING MAN" FIGURE LIMITER OFF ON CONSTANT DIRECTIVITY HORN EQ /AIR EQ OFF ON 4.5k ...
Owner's Manual
Page 13
...load impedance 10 times or more than the 1/4" TS jacks. Sonically (and electrically) they're identical, so choose either balanced or unbalanced signals. The amplifier expects to see a nominal signal level anywhere between the -10 dBV "semipro" and +4 dBu "pro" standards, meaning almost any noise picked up ...the input signals on , daisy-chaining to the shield, preferably at the source end. In this way, multiple amplifiers can daisy-chain up in parallel, don't use both at high power levels, we recommend that you use , they 're wired thusly, per AES (Audio Engineering Society) standards: ...
...load impedance 10 times or more than the 1/4" TS jacks. Sonically (and electrically) they're identical, so choose either balanced or unbalanced signals. The amplifier expects to see a nominal signal level anywhere between the -10 dBV "semipro" and +4 dBu "pro" standards, meaning almost any noise picked up ...the input signals on , daisy-chaining to the shield, preferably at the source end. In this way, multiple amplifiers can daisy-chain up in parallel, don't use both at high power levels, we recommend that you use , they 're wired thusly, per AES (Audio Engineering Society) standards: ...
Owner's Manual
Page 15
...CONSTANT DIRECTIVITY switch ON and set somewhere between 2kHz and 6kHz. And in Mackie-land, this gentle boost has a name: AIR, as seen on the M•800 compensates for this switch OFF. The M•800 power amplifier eliminates the need for compensation boost. The CONSTANT DIRECTIVITY HORN EQ control on...roll-off of about 6 dB per octave above 6kHz). By boosting these high frequencies, AIR will breathe life into your system. Speaking of Mackie SR consoles: If you use the CONSTANT DIRECTIVITY feature to enhance your EQ curve. Both of these external devices - If your audience to ...
...CONSTANT DIRECTIVITY switch ON and set somewhere between 2kHz and 6kHz. And in Mackie-land, this gentle boost has a name: AIR, as seen on the M•800 compensates for this switch OFF. The M•800 power amplifier eliminates the need for compensation boost. The CONSTANT DIRECTIVITY HORN EQ control on...roll-off of about 6 dB per octave above 6kHz). By boosting these high frequencies, AIR will breathe life into your system. Speaking of Mackie SR consoles: If you use the CONSTANT DIRECTIVITY feature to enhance your EQ curve. Both of these external devices - If your audience to ...
Owner's Manual
Page 23
...power amplifier draws large amounts of current from 10 to 400Hz Input Impedance: 20kΩ balanced Input Sensitivity: 1.23 volts (+4 dBu) for 20 dB overdrive @ 1kHz High Frequency Overload and Latching: No latch up at rated power) < 0.025% @ 8Ω < 0.05% @ 4Ω < 0.1% @ 2Ω Signal-to-Noise Ratio: > 104 dB below rated power... Unconditionally stable driving any frequency or level. Accurate measurement of its value. at 2Ω Transient Recovery: < 1µs for rated power into 4 ohms Voltage Gain: 28.0 dB Maximum Input Level: 9.75 volts (+22 dBu) Rise Time: < 5µs Slew ...
...power amplifier draws large amounts of current from 10 to 400Hz Input Impedance: 20kΩ balanced Input Sensitivity: 1.23 volts (+4 dBu) for 20 dB overdrive @ 1kHz High Frequency Overload and Latching: No latch up at rated power) < 0.025% @ 8Ω < 0.05% @ 4Ω < 0.1% @ 2Ω Signal-to-Noise Ratio: > 104 dB below rated power... Unconditionally stable driving any frequency or level. Accurate measurement of its value. at 2Ω Transient Recovery: < 1µs for rated power into 4 ohms Voltage Gain: 28.0 dB Maximum Input Level: 9.75 volts (+22 dBu) Rise Time: < 5µs Slew ...
Owner's Manual
Page 26
...LEVEL 2-WAY ACTIVE CROSSOVER TO HIGH-FREQUENCY AMPLIFIER TO LOW-FREQUENCY AMPLIFIER FROM SIGNAL SOURCE (MACKIE MIXING CONSOLE) LOW-LEVEL 3-WAY ACTIVE CROSSOVER FR SERIES POWER AMPLIFIER (STEREO MODE) CH 1 INPUT CH 2 INPUT CH 1 + OUT - OUT + TO LOW-FREQUENCY AMPLIFIER FR SERIES POWER AMPLIFIER (BRIDGE MODE) CH 1 INPUT CH 1... crossover is through the use of the two-way or three-way variety. FR SERIES POWER AMPLIFIER (STEREO MODE) FROM SIGNAL SOURCE CH 1 (MACKIE MIXING CONSOLE) IN FROM SIGNAL SOURCE CH 2 (MACKIE MIXING CONSOLE) IN CH 1 + OUT - CH 2 - APPENDIX C: Bi-amping and...
...LEVEL 2-WAY ACTIVE CROSSOVER TO HIGH-FREQUENCY AMPLIFIER TO LOW-FREQUENCY AMPLIFIER FROM SIGNAL SOURCE (MACKIE MIXING CONSOLE) LOW-LEVEL 3-WAY ACTIVE CROSSOVER FR SERIES POWER AMPLIFIER (STEREO MODE) CH 1 INPUT CH 2 INPUT CH 1 + OUT - OUT + TO LOW-FREQUENCY AMPLIFIER FR SERIES POWER AMPLIFIER (BRIDGE MODE) CH 1 INPUT CH 1... crossover is through the use of the two-way or three-way variety. FR SERIES POWER AMPLIFIER (STEREO MODE) FROM SIGNAL SOURCE CH 1 (MACKIE MIXING CONSOLE) IN FROM SIGNAL SOURCE CH 2 (MACKIE MIXING CONSOLE) IN CH 1 + OUT - CH 2 - APPENDIX C: Bi-amping and...
Spec Sheet
Page 1
... clipping distortion, the M•800 employs a very sparse amount of "Fast Recovery." AMPLIFIER M•800 M•800 High-Current Power Amplifier The Mackie M•800 is a dual channel, high output power amplifier that incorporates a number of unique features including FR "Fast Recovery" design, high continuous...2Ω. Rather than using negative feedback to recover almost instantaneously. only) M•800 RELATED PRODUCTS M•1400/M•1400i Power Amplifiers, 1202-VLZ PRO 12-Channel Mic/Line Mixer, 1402-VLZ PRO 14-Channel Mic/Line Mixer, 1604 VLZ PRO 16-...
... clipping distortion, the M•800 employs a very sparse amount of "Fast Recovery." AMPLIFIER M•800 M•800 High-Current Power Amplifier The Mackie M•800 is a dual channel, high output power amplifier that incorporates a number of unique features including FR "Fast Recovery" design, high continuous...2Ω. Rather than using negative feedback to recover almost instantaneously. only) M•800 RELATED PRODUCTS M•1400/M•1400i Power Amplifiers, 1202-VLZ PRO 12-Channel Mic/Line Mixer, 1402-VLZ PRO 14-Channel Mic/Line Mixer, 1604 VLZ PRO 16-...
Spec Sheet
Page 2
... watts per channel into 2 ohms from 40Hz to 20kHz, with no more than 0.1% THD Transient Recovery: Bridged mono operation: AMPLIFIER M•800 High-Current Power Amplifier M•800 M•800 Specifications Rise Time: Maximum Power, mid band (@ 1kHz with 1% THD): 40V/µs >80V/µs bridged 550 watts into 8 ohms bridged Current Slew Rate >20A...
... watts per channel into 2 ohms from 40Hz to 20kHz, with no more than 0.1% THD Transient Recovery: Bridged mono operation: AMPLIFIER M•800 High-Current Power Amplifier M•800 M•800 Specifications Rise Time: Maximum Power, mid band (@ 1kHz with 1% THD): 40V/µs >80V/µs bridged 550 watts into 8 ohms bridged Current Slew Rate >20A...
Spec Sheet
Page 3
M•800 High-Current Power Amplifier AC Line Power: US Europe Japan Korea 120 VAC, 60Hz 240 VAC, 50/60Hz 100 VAC, 50/60Hz 220 VAC, 60Hz AC Drop-out Voltage: At approximately 65% of rated line voltage Physical: Height Width Depth Overall Depth Weight 3.50" (89 mm) 19.00" (483 mm) 15.25" (387 mm) 16.25" (413 mm) 28 lbs (12.7 kg) 17.25" (43.8cm) 15.25" (38.7cm) 16.25" (41.3cm) 3.50" (8.9cm) 2U 19.00" (48.3cm) 3 OF 8 PAGES
M•800 High-Current Power Amplifier AC Line Power: US Europe Japan Korea 120 VAC, 60Hz 240 VAC, 50/60Hz 100 VAC, 50/60Hz 220 VAC, 60Hz AC Drop-out Voltage: At approximately 65% of rated line voltage Physical: Height Width Depth Overall Depth Weight 3.50" (89 mm) 19.00" (483 mm) 15.25" (387 mm) 16.25" (413 mm) 28 lbs (12.7 kg) 17.25" (43.8cm) 15.25" (38.7cm) 16.25" (41.3cm) 3.50" (8.9cm) 2U 19.00" (48.3cm) 3 OF 8 PAGES
Spec Sheet
Page 4
... (ON HEATSINK) HOT LED 80ºC MUTE 55ºC UNMUTE NORM LED MUTE CONTROL 4 SEC DELAY (TURN-ON) MUTE LO DCV M•800 High-Current Power Amplifier M•800 Block Diagram 4 OF 8 PAGES CH 1 BALANCED LINE INPUT (XLR-F) THRU (XLR-M) CH 1 BALANCED LINE INPUT (TRS) CH 2 BALANCED LINE INPUT (XLR-F) THRU... (XLR-M) CH 2 BALANCED LINE INPUT (TRS) MACKIE DESIGNS M•800 BLOCK DIAGRAM 26 FEB 1999 FREQ FREQ LOW CUT FILTER CD EQ ON OFF FREQ FREQ LOW CUT FILTER CD EQ ON...
... (ON HEATSINK) HOT LED 80ºC MUTE 55ºC UNMUTE NORM LED MUTE CONTROL 4 SEC DELAY (TURN-ON) MUTE LO DCV M•800 High-Current Power Amplifier M•800 Block Diagram 4 OF 8 PAGES CH 1 BALANCED LINE INPUT (XLR-F) THRU (XLR-M) CH 1 BALANCED LINE INPUT (TRS) CH 2 BALANCED LINE INPUT (XLR-F) THRU... (XLR-M) CH 2 BALANCED LINE INPUT (TRS) MACKIE DESIGNS M•800 BLOCK DIAGRAM 26 FEB 1999 FREQ FREQ LOW CUT FILTER CD EQ ON OFF FREQ FREQ LOW CUT FILTER CD EQ ON...
Spec Sheet
Page 5
...1& 2 NORM HOT GAIN/dB CH 3v 16 18 20 2 2v 14 22 12 24 6 26 28 1v SENSITIVITY 1.23v (+4dBu) PROFESSIONAL POWER AMPLIFIER ON OFF POWER U.S. Version Rear Panel (MONO BRIDGE) 800 WATTS 4 OHM LOAD (STEREO) 400 WATTS / CH 2 OHM LOAD R LISTED COMMERCIAL AUDIO EQUIPMENT 9Z39...; MADE IN CHINA • PATENTS PENDING • COPYRIGHT ©1999 SERIAL NUMBER MANUFACTURING DATE THE FOLLOWING ARE TRADEMARKS/REGISTERED TRADEMARKS OF MACKIE DESIGN INC.: "MACKIE", "FR SERIES", & THE "RUNNING MAN" FIGURE AMP MODE LIMITER STEREO MONO BRIDGE OFF ON CONSTANT DIRECTIVITY HORN EQ /AIR EQ ...
...1& 2 NORM HOT GAIN/dB CH 3v 16 18 20 2 2v 14 22 12 24 6 26 28 1v SENSITIVITY 1.23v (+4dBu) PROFESSIONAL POWER AMPLIFIER ON OFF POWER U.S. Version Rear Panel (MONO BRIDGE) 800 WATTS 4 OHM LOAD (STEREO) 400 WATTS / CH 2 OHM LOAD R LISTED COMMERCIAL AUDIO EQUIPMENT 9Z39...; MADE IN CHINA • PATENTS PENDING • COPYRIGHT ©1999 SERIAL NUMBER MANUFACTURING DATE THE FOLLOWING ARE TRADEMARKS/REGISTERED TRADEMARKS OF MACKIE DESIGN INC.: "MACKIE", "FR SERIES", & THE "RUNNING MAN" FIGURE AMP MODE LIMITER STEREO MONO BRIDGE OFF ON CONSTANT DIRECTIVITY HORN EQ /AIR EQ ...
Spec Sheet
Page 6
... located on the front panel, one to indicate normal operation (NORMAL) and one to protect the speakers against a catastrophic amplifier failure. OUTPUT CONNECTIONS. The two-channel power amplifier shall deliver a rated continuous average sine wave power output over -temperature operation. Each channel shall have a 1/4" TS phone speaker output jack appearing on . Each channel shall...
... located on the front panel, one to indicate normal operation (NORMAL) and one to protect the speakers against a catastrophic amplifier failure. OUTPUT CONNECTIONS. The two-channel power amplifier shall deliver a rated continuous average sine wave power output over -temperature operation. Each channel shall have a 1/4" TS phone speaker output jack appearing on . Each channel shall...
Spec Sheet
Page 7
.... The EQ shall have a lowcut filter with rear support rails for selecting a constant directivity horn equalization circuit. The amplifier shall be a Mackie M•800. 7 OF 8 PAGES The power amplifier shall be 19" wide (483mm), 3.5" (2U) tall (89mm), and 15.25" deep (387mm), and shall... weigh 36 pounds (16.3 kg). 14. AMPLIFIER M•800 M•800 High-Current Power Amplifier (continued from clipping. 11. PHYSICAL CONFIGURATION. ...
.... The EQ shall have a lowcut filter with rear support rails for selecting a constant directivity horn equalization circuit. The amplifier shall be a Mackie M•800. 7 OF 8 PAGES The power amplifier shall be 19" wide (483mm), 3.5" (2U) tall (89mm), and 15.25" deep (387mm), and shall... weigh 36 pounds (16.3 kg). 14. AMPLIFIER M•800 M•800 High-Current Power Amplifier (continued from clipping. 11. PHYSICAL CONFIGURATION. ...
Spec Sheet
Page 8
...the original design specifications unless otherwise stated. ©1999-2004 LOUD Technologies Inc. For this product available at: www.mackie.com This Specification Sheet Owner/Operator's Manual M800_SS.PDF M800_OM.PD LOUD Technologies continually engages in through the front of that...existing products without notice as a routine expression of the amplifier and forces it out through the amplifier's sides. Part No. 091-212-00 Rev B 9/04 8 OF 8 PAGES This allows for cool air. AMPLIFIER M•800 High-Current Power Amplifier (continued from overdriving the amp, and a superior sound...
...the original design specifications unless otherwise stated. ©1999-2004 LOUD Technologies Inc. For this product available at: www.mackie.com This Specification Sheet Owner/Operator's Manual M800_SS.PDF M800_OM.PD LOUD Technologies continually engages in through the front of that...existing products without notice as a routine expression of the amplifier and forces it out through the amplifier's sides. Part No. 091-212-00 Rev B 9/04 8 OF 8 PAGES This allows for cool air. AMPLIFIER M•800 High-Current Power Amplifier (continued from overdriving the amp, and a superior sound...